Dr. Gustavo Reinoso, PhD, OTR/L, serves as an Associate Professor in the Occupational Therapy Department at Drake University. With over 25 years of experience, he has worked with children and youth with disabilities across government, private, educational, and community settings. Dr. Reinoso has co-authored numerous scientific publications in textbooks and professional journals, establishing himself as an expert in sensory processing and integration. He regularly provides education and services to families and professionals across Europe, North America, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Dr. Reinoso co-authored two standardized assessments in the USA: the Structured Observations of Sensory Integration Motor (SOSI-M) and the Comprehensive Observations of Proprioception (COP-R). As an adjunct professor at the University of Southern California (USC), he contributes to the USC Chan Sensory Integration Continuing Education (CE) Certificate Program. His research interests include sensory integration and processing, autism, handwriting, measurement and statistics, disability studies, and the development of assessment tools.
Reinoso, G., & Park, K. (2023). Exploring the content validity of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI): Focusing on functional performance of daily living activities. In E. A. Pyatak & E. S. Lee (Eds.), 50 studies every occupational therapist should know (pp. 229-234). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197630402.003.0033 Show abstract
This chapter explores the content validity of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). Rather than concentrating on developmental items (e.g., stacking blocks) that may not be relevant to each family and child, the authors set out to explore daily-level activities and items. The authors developed and defined 20 complex activities related to mobility, self-care, toileting, and social cognition. Similarly, they provided opinions about the appropriateness on three measurement scales (functional skills/behaviors, caregiver assistance, and modifications). These items and domains were reviewed by a panel of experts in the fields of occupational therapy, physical therapy, physiatry, speech and language therapy, and special education, who were not familiar with items or domains. Results were positive, with 80% of experts rating the overall PEDI as either good or excellent on the two major content validity issues including measuring functional disability in children and determining the comprehensiveness of the item sampling.
Keywords. pediatric assessment, content validity, self-care, adaptive testing, occupational therapy
Blanche, E. I., Reinoso, G., & Kiefer, D. B. (2021). The Structured Observations of Sensory Integration — Motor (SOSI-M): Administration manual. Novato, CA: Academic Therapy Publications.
Blanche, E. I., Reinoso, G., & Kiefer, D. B. (2020). Using clinical observations within the evaluation process. In A. C. Bundy & S. J. Lane (Eds.), Sensory Integration: Theory and Practice (3rd ed., pp. 222-242). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis.
Imperatore, E., Reinoso, G., Blanche, D., & Barros, A. (2016). Desempeño de niños típicos entre 5 y 7.11 años de edad en una selección de observaciones clínicas: Datos preliminares y propiedades psicométricas en una muestra Chilena. Revista Chilena De Terapia Ocupacional, 16(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-5346.2016.41941 Show abstract
La utilización de observaciones que proporcionan información acerca del funcionamiento sensorio-motor relacionado a procesamiento sensorial es común en la práctica clínica. Un grupo de observaciones, llamadas observaciones clínicas por A.J. Ayres ayuda a diagnosticar disfunciones sensoriales aunque no existen normas desarrolladas en Chile, ni su validez o confiabilidad establecida estadísticamente para su utilización. Para normar estas pruebas en Chile se entrenaron 4 evaluadores quienes recolectaron datos de niños entre 5 y 7.11 años de edad: 90 típicos y 26 identificados con problemas de procesamiento sensorial. Este estudio proporciona datos preliminares sobre 5 pruebas relacionadas a control postural y planeamiento motor: equilibrio en un pie (ojos cerrados y ojos abiertos), extensión antigravitatoria, flexion antigravitatoria, secuenciación de dígitos, y diadochokinesis. Los resultados indican que estas pruebas se pueden utilizar para diagnosticar niños con disfunciones sensorio-motoras en la práctica clínica e investigación.
Clinical observations that provide information about sensory-motor performance related to sensory processing, are commonly used in clinical practice. A group of these observations, known as clinical observations by A. J. Ayres, help diagnose sensory related dysfunctions even when normative data and statistically established validity and reliability are not available for the Chilean children. In order to develop normative data, we trained 4 independent assessors who collected data on 90 typically developing children 5 to 7.11 years of age and 26 children identified as presenting with sensory processing problems. The present study provides preliminary data about 5 observations that relate to postural control and motor planning: Standing on one foot (eyes open and closed), extensión against gravity, flexion against gravity, sequential finger touching and diadochokinesis. The results of this study indicate that these observations can help diagnose children with sensory-motor dysfunctions and be utilized for clinical applications and research.
Blanche, E. I., Bodison, S., Chang, M. C., & Reinoso, G. (2012). Development of the Comprehensive Observations of Proprioception (COP): Validity, reliability, and factor analysis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(6), 691-698. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.003608 Show abstract
Objective. We developed an observational tool, the Comprehensive Observations of Proprioception (COP), for identifying proprioceptive processing issues in children with developmental disabilities.
Method. Development of the COP underwent three phases. First, we developed items representing proprioceptive functions on the basis of an extensive literature review and consultation with occupational therapists. We then established interrater reliability and content, construct, and criterion validity. Finally, we completed a factor analysis of COP ratings of 130 children with known developmental disabilities.
Results. Adequate validity and reliability were established. Factor analysis revealed a four-factor model that explained the underlying structure of the measure as it was hypothesized.
Conclusion. The COP is a valid criterion-referenced short observational tool that structures the clinician’s observations by linking a child’s behaviors to areas identified in the literature as relevant to proprioceptive processing. It takes 15 min to administer and can be used in a variety of contexts, such as the home, clinic, and school.
Blanche, E. I., Mailloux, Z., & Reinoso, G. (2012). Sensory functions — General. In A. Majnemer (Ed.), Measures for children with developmental disabilities: An ICF-CY approach (pp. b210-b270). London, UK: Mac Keith Press. Full text
Blanche, E. I., Reinoso, G., Chang, M. C., & Bodison, S. (2012). Proprioceptive processing difficulties among children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental disabilities [Brief report]. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(5), 621-624. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.004234 Show abstract
Objective. Sensory processing difficulties among children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been extensively documented. However, less is known about this population’s ability to process proprioceptive information.
Method. We used the Comprehensive Observations of Proprioception (COP; Blanche, Bodison, Chang, & Reinoso, in press) to describe the proprioceptive difficulties experienced by children with ASD. A sample of 32 children with ASD, 26 children with developmental disabilities excluding ASD, and 28 typically developing control children were studied using the COP.
Results. Children with ASD present with proprioceptive processing difficulties that are different from those of children with developmental disabilities and their typically developing counterparts. Specific data, potential clinical applications, and directions for future research are described.
Conclusion. Results suggest that the COP has useful clinical research applications. Further assessment of psychometric properties, clinical utility, and meaningful differences among diverse clinical populations are needed.
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